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                <text>Photograph portrait of U.S. Secretary of State William Seward</text>
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                <text>Secretary Seward was a driving force behind much of the North's international messaging over the course of the Civil War. Known as one of the most outspoken and active members of Lincoln's cabinet, Seward was a staunch Unionist who regularly interacted and coordinated with the president on matters of foreign relations amid the ensuing conflict. As with his British counterparts, Seward found critics on both sides of the Atlantic for his actions in the course of controversies such as the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair and the potential for conflict over the Canadian border.</text>
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                <text>Portrait of Lord Palmerston, British Prime Minister during the American Civil War</text>
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                <text>Engraved by John Sartain, Philadelphia, for the &lt;em&gt;Eclectic Magazine&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Serving as Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston guided Britain through, or better put, around the affairs of the American Civil War. The leader of the nation most likely to intervene in the conflict, and at times Palmerston faced the temptation to do so. His own opinions on the conflict varied, from favoring a perpetually divided America weakened by a Southern victory, to a general desire for continued British neutrality. While the latter interest ultimately won out, the Prime Minister remained a face of percieved Confederate sympathies. Palmerston, members of his government, and others in Parliament garnered criticism from the Northern public and press, facing repeated pressures from the U.S. State department to both stay out of the conflict and address the matter of Confederate activity and support within the United Kingdom.</text>
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                <text>A photo negative of British Minister to the United States, Richard Pemell, Lord Lyons, during the Civil War</text>
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                <text>From his position as the British envoy to Washington D.C., Lord Lyons served as a vital avenue of communication between the U.S. and U.K. Often meeting with Secretary of State Seward to discuss matters lying between their respective nations, it was Lyons that transmitted the demands of the British during the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair of 1861, working with Seward and Lincoln to facilitate a peaceful resolution. Lyons would later negotiate with Seward a new Anglo-American agreement in mid-1862, tackling the slave trade in the Atlantic. In part due to his strong working relationship with Seward, Lyons sympathized with the problems of the U.S., though he maintained a neutral perspective, and was prepared to put the interests of the British government first.</text>
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                <text>The son of President John Quincy Adams, Charles Francis Adams served as the primary Union diplomat in its interactions with Great Britain throughout the Civil War. A prominent statesman prior to the outbreak of war, Adams worked tirelessly to preserve relations with his British counterparts, detailed throughout his letters and notes. His presence across the Atlantic was instrumental in Union efforts to prevent further British pressure and their possible entry into the war.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, the arguments Adams made in regards to legal justification and precedent in cases such as the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Alabama&lt;/em&gt; controversies would later play a role in post-war negotiations. Primarily it factored into the arbitration of the Alabama Claims and the review of maritime neutrality law.</text>
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                <text>1859 Portrait of Democratic Louisiana Senator John Slidell</text>
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                <text>Photograph originally in 'McClees' gallery of photographic portraits of the senators, representatives &amp; delegates of the thirty-fifth Congress... Washington: McClees &amp; Beck, [1859], page 186.'</text>
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                <text>Captured by the Union alongside his fellow Confederate diplomat, James Mason, in the 1861 &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair, John Slidell's intended post was making appeals on the South's behalf to the French government under Napoleon III. After being released, Slidell worked to encourage French action, though the nation largely based its decisions off the actions being taken by the United Kingdom. England remained neutral, despite persistent interest in mediating the conflict, with no such plan ever fully undertaken. Thus Slidell encountered little diplomatic success, though he generated sympathetic connections through French society. After the war, Slidell, as well as Mason, aided exiled Confederate officials leaving the U.S. settle in France and England.</text>
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                <text>Daguerreotype Portrait of Virginia Democratic Congressman James Mason</text>
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                <text>A photo negative of Thurlow Weed  American politician and Union agent in Europe - primarily within the United Kingdom; Taken between 1855 and 1865</text>
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                <text>Thurlow Weed was one of several prominent Americans abroad in Europe during the American Civil War. Primarily operating in the area of London, Weed was effectively on an unofficial diplomatic mission. His work and connections in Great Britain enabled to keep track of public and government attitudes about the conflict back home, as well as the work of competing Confederate influencers. Operating through a network of influencers, officials and publicists, Weed regularly communicated with Seward over matters of public opinion and the actions of Parliament and the Palmerston government.</text>
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                <text>Digitized as part of the Library of Congress's Brady-Handy Photograph Collection, at https://www.loc.gov/item/2017897362/</text>
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                <text>A portrait of John Russell, Earl, British Foreign Minister during the American Civil War</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/00650535</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Browning Collection of Portraits</text>
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                <text>Browning Collection of Portraits, etc., p. 19</text>
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                <text>Maintaining different levels of power throughout his career in Parliament, including as Prime Minister, John Russell, the 1st Earl Russell, served as Foreign Minister in the Liberal government under Lord Palmerston during the late 1850s and early 1860s. This position, which he held for the duration of the American Civil War, put him into regular contact with the ambassadors of the Union and Confederate governments. Russell faced criticism both from both abroad and at home. He was a frequent target for Union frustrations over perceived Southern sympathies in British government, though he largely favored British neutrality as the status quo. Overall, his middling approach to handling controversies with the Union and the issue of British neutrality led to his unpopularity among some of his peers and the British public. Russell went on to serve as Prime Minister again following the death of Palmerston, though a brief Conservative rise to power removed him from the office.</text>
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                <text>Photographer Unknown</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                <text>'William Howard Russell'</text>
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                <text>A photograph of London Times war correspondent William Howard Russell circa 1855</text>
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                <text>This photograph, taken during his time spent covering the Crimean War of the 1850s, shows the reporter seated. William Howard Russell acted as the London &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt;'s war correspondent abroad, documenting events in Crimea. An early pioneer in war reporting for press publications, Russell went on to cover the course of the American Civil War for the &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt; as well. Russell was especially prominent among the international reporters covering the conflict within the military lines of the North and South. Through his work, Russell followed armies to the battlefield, and regularly met with political leadership in the Union and Confederate governments, including President Lincoln. Particularly notable is his coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run and other early engagements, whose outcome generally favored the South. Russell's reporting of Union military performance, published in the &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt;, influenced early British expectations for the conflict and its final outcome.</text>
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                <text>Roger Fenton</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Roger Fenton Crimean War photograph collection</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2001697687/</text>
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                <text>1855</text>
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                <text>No known restrictions on publication</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                <text>A photograph of Henry Hotze, Confederate Propagandist in London</text>
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                <text>Henry Hotze was a Swiss-born immigrant to the United States who would become one of the Confederacy's prominent propaganda agents abroad. Operating as a journalist in Alabama prior to the war, Hotze would later enter into work for the Confederate government. In late 1861, Hotze was the task of establishing an operation in Great Britain that could sway public opinion to the cause of the South. Hotze spent the majority of the war working to spread Confederate-leaning sentiments throughout British journalism, including in the form of his own weekly publication, &lt;em&gt;The Index&lt;/em&gt;. This image was likely taken around the timeframe of his journalism career and early service to the Confederate cause.</text>
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                <text>Photograph courtesy of Encyclopedia of Alabama</text>
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                <text>Image now in public domain</text>
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                <text>Undated; Possibly between 1850 and 1865</text>
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        <name>Confederacy</name>
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        <name>The Index</name>
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