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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                <text>'Naughty Jonathan'</text>
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                <text>The 'American Yankee' Caricature in the Civil War Era</text>
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                <text>British iconography for American culture and society evolved over the course of the early 19th century. Among them precursors to the popular icon of Uncle Sam, these figures also included 'Brother Jonathan.' Perceived American-belligerence during the Civil War leads to a change in the character, soon termed 'Naughty Jonathan' in the British press. In this image, Jonathan is shown as throwing a tantrum over Britain's refusal to support the Northern cause, as the motherly figure of Queen Victoria, also representing Britannia, sits as if ready to scold her unruly child.</text>
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                <text>Sir John Tenniel</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt; Magazine; Reprinted on page 117 of William Walsh's &lt;em&gt;Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch, &lt;/em&gt;New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;, or the &lt;em&gt;London Charivari&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text> July 6, 1861</text>
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                <text>'John Bull's Neutrality'</text>
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                <text>A Depiction of Britain's Stance on the Conflict</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;'s satirical criticism of the American conflict highlights their view of British neutrality in this image, perceiving the nation as above the conflict. While certain groups within the population and government displayed sympathy for either side, the overall feeling remained ambivalent to the conflict. However, the artist includes the threat that Britain could bring to the war, noting its willingness to end it by force if threatened or heavily inconvienienced by it.</text>
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                <text>Sir John Tenniel</text>
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                <text>Reprinted on page 150 in William Walsh's &lt;em&gt;Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch&lt;/em&gt;, New York: Moffat, Yard, and Company, 1909</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;, or the &lt;em&gt;London Charivari&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>October 3rd, 1863</text>
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                <text>'John Bull's Neutrality - The Guardian of Civilization in Full Play'</text>
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                <text>An American Cartoonist's Perception of British 'Neutrality'</text>
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                <text>While declaring itself neutral, and remaining that way for the duration of the war, some in the North believed that sympathies for the South permeated Britain's top levels of government. This image from &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; uses the figure of John Bull in a more negative light. Setting two of Britain's prominent Confederate-leaning officials - John Russell and John Roebuck - in the form of dogs against Columbia (Union), Bull is presented as a distraction in her fight against a serpent representing the Southern rebellion.</text>
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                <text>John McLenan</text>
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                <text>Published September 13, 1862</text>
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                <text>Located in the Special Collections and College Archives, Musselman Library, Gettysburg College; Digitized online at https://library.artstor.org/#/object/SS7731291_7731291_10904008_GETTY</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                  <text>On Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation</text>
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                  <text>The role of slavery in Anglo-American relations and Civil War diplomacy.</text>
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                  <text>The institution of slavery of the United States was a key contributer to the crisis of secession, and subsequently formed a prominent issue in diplomatic matters of the Civil War. The Union and Confederacy alike both faced difficulties in addressing the subject in interactions with outside powers, Great Britain included. Britain, a nation that had developed strong anti-slavery sentiment watched this area of the conflict wondering if its abolition in North America would be achieved.</text>
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                  <text>1860-1865</text>
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                <text>'Domestic Life in South Carolina'</text>
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                <text>A British Illustrator's View of Domestic Life and Society in Civil War South Carolina</text>
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                <text>This scene displayed in the &lt;em&gt;Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt; offers a more idyllic depiction of the nature of Southern society and issues of race. While not explicitly stated, this image may provide a window into the presence of slavery in the structure of the Southern family household. The image displays characteristics common of such depictions, including the contrasting appearances of the white and black figures in the scene, adult and child alike.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;The Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Courtesy of "The Civil War in America from the &lt;em&gt;Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt;": A Joint Project by Sandra J. Still, Emily E. Katt, Collection Management, and the Beck Center of Emory University;&lt;br /&gt;Images online at http://iln.digitalscholarship.emory.edu/</text>
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                <text>From &lt;em&gt;The Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 42, no. 1204, p. 552</text>
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                <text>Published May 23, 1863</text>
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                <text>Public domain; Courtesy of "The Civil War in America from the &lt;em&gt;Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt;": A Joint Project by Sandra J. Still, Emily E. Katt, Collection Management, and the Beck Center of Emory University</text>
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        <name>Confederacy</name>
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                  <text>Documents of Diplomacy</text>
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                  <text>Anglo-American Communications: Great Britain, Union and Confederacy</text>
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                  <text>Documents pertaining to diplomatic messages, instructions, and negotiations between representatives of Great Britain and the American belligerents.</text>
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                <text>'The Queen's Neutrality Proclamation'</text>
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                <text>Official Declaration of British Neutrality in the American Civil War released by Queen Victoria</text>
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                <text>This document not only established Great Britain's stance concerning events in the brewing conflict between the North and South, but also recognized the belligerent status of the two combatants. In the aftermath of its release, the provisions of the initial statement would be further adjusted by Foreign Minister Earl Russell, expanded to affect British maritime law and belligerent access to their ports and territorial waters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The action also angered the North, as it afforded the same status to the Confederacy as the Union. The South took the gesture as a potential doorway to future recognition and support for their cause of independence.</text>
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                <text>Downing Street, London; </text>
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                <text>Library of Congress - The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana; Digitized online at https://www.loc.gov/item/scsm000229/</text>
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                <text>February 1, 1862</text>
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                <text>Downing Street, London</text>
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        <name>John Russell</name>
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        <name>Queen Victoria</name>
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        <name>Union</name>
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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Matters of the War and Diplomacy as captured by British and American Cartoonists</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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                <text>'A Family Quarrel'</text>
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                <text>A View of the Division in the United States and the Nature of its Breakup</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt; or the &lt;em&gt;London Charivari&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Sir John Tenniel</text>
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                <text>Still Image, Text</text>
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                <text>Providing a satirical take on the nature of the divide between North and South, theLondon-based &lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;'s take shows the traditional Yankee opposite a new female figure representing the Confederacy, each holding torn parts of the national map. In the background, signifying the role of slavery in generating the decline and crisis of secession, a black individual is seen leaving the scene</text>
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                <text>Reprinted on page 119 in William Walsh's &lt;em&gt;Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch&lt;/em&gt;, New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909</text>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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        <name>Brother Jonathan/Uncle Sam</name>
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                  <text>On Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation</text>
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                  <text>The role of slavery in Anglo-American relations and Civil War diplomacy.</text>
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                  <text>The institution of slavery of the United States was a key contributer to the crisis of secession, and subsequently formed a prominent issue in diplomatic matters of the Civil War. The Union and Confederacy alike both faced difficulties in addressing the subject in interactions with outside powers, Great Britain included. Britain, a nation that had developed strong anti-slavery sentiment watched this area of the conflict wondering if its abolition in North America would be achieved.</text>
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                  <text>1860-1865</text>
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                <text>'John Bull Makes a Discovery'</text>
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                <text>An American Prediction Concerning British Slavery Sentiment</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This print, likely published in the first years of the war, conveys some of the fears Americans had concerning the sympathies and interests of Britain. Would the anti-slavery sympathies that had grown over the course of the 19th century falter in the face of its economic interests regarding the use of Southern cotton in its textile industries?</text>
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                <text>Currier &amp; Ives, New York, 1862/1863</text>
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                <text>Currier &amp; Ives, Digitized at the Library of Congress</text>
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                  <text>The Civil War at Sea</text>
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                  <text>Naval Events of the War and the British Involvement</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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                <text>'The Pending Conflict'</text>
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                <text>A Unionist View of Confederate Sympathies in Europe</text>
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                <text>This image depicts several figures, two of which, engaged in a fierce struggle, represent the American conflict. Encoiled by a serpent holding him back is a representative of the Union cause, dragged down by those in the North that called for peace with the South (called Copperheads after the snake). Attacking him is the figure of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, wielding a large club identified as 'Pirate Alabama'. The others watching the fight, standing to the side, are representative of England and France - John Bull( right) and the Emperor of France Napoleon III (left). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This scene is in reference to the sympathies for the South believed to be present in these nations by the North, as well as the actions of Confederate raiders against Union commerce at sea. These include the CSS &lt;em&gt;Alabama &lt;/em&gt;and other vessels built in British shipyards, adding to the controversy surrounding them. In this print's accompanying text, the figure of John Bull notably declares he has much such 'clubs' to offer the South.</text>
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                <text>Oliver Evans Woods</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress, online at https://www.loc.gov/item/2008661653/</text>
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                <text>1863</text>
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                <text>CSS &lt;em&gt;Alabama&lt;/em&gt;; European Sympathies; Naval Warfare</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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              <text>Photograph w/ drawn caricatures; Text on Back</text>
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              <text>The Great Surrender &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;America surrenders the great commissioners - England surrenders her great pretensions - Jeff. Davis surrenders his great expectations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Consideration is Ample." - Sumner&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The portraits of Earl Russell, Mason, Slidell, and Sec'y Seward, are photography&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Published by E. Anthony, 501 Broadway, New York</text>
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                <text>'The Great Surrender'</text>
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                <text>Northern Reaction to the End Results of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair and the Return of the Confederate Diplomats</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This print combines caricature with photography to express the artist's view of the events surrounding the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair. Here, the figures of Confederate diplomats James Murray Mason and John Slidell stand aboard a ship travelling to England. There, British Foreign Minister Lord John Russell tears apart the Right of Search document that justified their capture by the Union in November, 1861, seized in a search of the British vessel, the RMS &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt;. U.S. Secretary of State William Seward stands across the water from him. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seward faced criticism in England following the capture, amid growing tension over possible threats to Canada and pervieved violations of British neutrality. Finally, Confederate President Jefferson Davis disappointedly stands in the far right, having had hopes that this event would have ended up bringing Britain more solidly in support of the Southern cause.</text>
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                <text>E. Anthony, New York 1862</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>The Library of Congress - Prints and Photographs Division</text>
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                <text>1862</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Photographic Print, Text</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress, online at https://www.loc.gov/item/2013648221/</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="576">
                <text>Public Domain</text>
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        <name>Confederacy</name>
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        <name>James Mason</name>
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        <name>John Russell</name>
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        <name>John Slidell</name>
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        <name>Trent Affair</name>
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        <name>Union</name>
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        <name>United Kingdom</name>
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        <name>William Seward</name>
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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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                <text>'Ye Conference, "Not Any We Thank You Mr. Davis"'</text>
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                <text>A Northern View of the Confederacy's First Diplomatic Endeavors</text>
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                <text>This scene presents the results of early attempts by the Confederate government, represented by CSA President Jefferson Davis, to attain greater European support. Depicted being addressed by Queen Victoria of Britain and Napoleon III of France, Davis's requests are met with refusal and general neutrality, a reflection of the official statements made by both nations by this point in the conflict.</text>
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                <text>Published/Printed by Erghott and Forbringer</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress</text>
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                <text>Lithograph</text>
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        <name>Diplomacy</name>
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        <name>Jefferson Davis</name>
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