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                  <text>The Civil War at Sea</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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                <text>The interception of the RMS &lt;em&gt;Trent &lt;/em&gt;on November 8, 1861, by the USS &lt;em&gt;San Jacinto&lt;/em&gt; under Cpt. Charles Wilkes.</text>
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                <text>Image from the &lt;em&gt;The Youth's History of the United States, etc&lt;/em&gt;, published by Cassel &amp;amp; Co in 1887</text>
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                <text>The &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt;, a British packet ship transporting to England two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell, had left Havana, Cuba on November 7th, 1861. Captain Charles Wilkes of the USS &lt;em&gt;San Jacinto&lt;/em&gt; became aware of the diplomats' movements and intended route, bringing his ship to impede their passage. Believing his actions to be in the interest of the Union war effort and justifiable as the seizure of war contraband, Wilkes ordered the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; boarded. When Mason and Slidell, with their diplomatic assistants, come forward, they are arrested and removed from the Trent. Wilke's actions recieve praise in the Union, but set off a diplomatic crisis that lasted through the rest of the year, ending in the release of the diplomats.</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                <text>Engraved by John Sartain, Philadelphia, for the &lt;em&gt;Eclectic Magazine&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Digitized in the New York Public Library Digital Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/79c1ff9c-c2bc-9f57-e040-e00a18061f18</text>
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                <text>Serving as Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston guided Britain through, or better put, around the affairs of the American Civil War. The leader of the nation most likely to intervene in the conflict, and at times Palmerston faced the temptation to do so. His own opinions on the conflict varied, from favoring a perpetually divided America weakened by a Southern victory, to a general desire for continued British neutrality. While the latter interest ultimately won out, the Prime Minister remained a face of percieved Confederate sympathies. Palmerston, members of his government, and others in Parliament garnered criticism from the Northern public and press, facing repeated pressures from the U.S. State department to both stay out of the conflict and address the matter of Confederate activity and support within the United Kingdom.</text>
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                <text>Relating to the matter of British shipbuilding for the Confederate Navy, this letter from Governor Andrew to the president reflects American concerns of the persistence of this practice. Occuring even as news of the career of the raider &lt;i&gt;Alabama&lt;/i&gt;'s actions spread, her origins also laying with the shipyards of John Laird, two more vessels under construction immediately attracted Union attentions. Any addiional naval power gained by the Confederacy carried the potential to weaken the Union's blockade against the South.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the American minister in the U.K, Charles F. Adams, pressured the British government to intercede and seize the ships, other ideas were proposed at home. Andrew's proposal suggests that the Union move to buy the ships to prevent their acquisition and use by the Confederacy. Though the plan gained traction, ultimately Adams's efforts succeeded before it became necessary, and Earl Russell and the British Admiralty arranged the seizure of the ironclads. Both ships were later repurposed for the British Royal Navy, as the HMS &lt;em&gt;Scorpion&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Wivern.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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              <text>Navy Department September 8th 1863. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sir: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have read the last dispatches of the American Minister at the Court of St James and am so much surprised at their contents that I feel justified in addressing you officially. You are aware of the efforts that have been made to prevent the departure from England of the Iron clads building there.1 You are also aware that Mr. Seward has felt perfectly confident that the British Government would prevent their departure. Under this delusion we are now resting whilst there is no evidence whatever in Mr. Adam's dispatches, that these vessels are to be arrested. On the contrary I find that one was to be ready for sea within a week. In a naval point of view the departure of these vessels, or even one of them, requires, on the part of this Government, the gravest deliberation. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am, very respectfully,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your obedient servant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;G V. Fox&lt;br /&gt;Acting Secretary of the Navy</text>
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                <text>'Letter from Gustavus V. Fox to Abraham Lincoln, Tuesday, September 8, 1863'</text>
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                <text>A letter from the Acting Secretary of the Navy to President Lincoln regarding Confederate ironclad construction in Britain</text>
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                <text>Union concerns over the building of ironclads in Britain for use in the Confederate navy led to increased pressure upon the British government to intervene and halt their construction. In this letter, acting Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox doubts the possibility of such a thing happening, citing his view of their contributions to the tensions between the Union and Great Britain. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His argument criticizing Sec. of State Seward for waiting on this issue appears more reflective of the combative, or reactive, factions in the Lincoln Administration that leaned towards a military engagement with Britain. After building pressure from Adams and others, Earl Russell and the British Admiralty moved to seize the ships, later acquiring them for the Royal Navy.</text>
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                <text>Abraham Lincoln papers: Series 1, General Correspondence. 1833-1916 at the Library of Congress; Digitized online at https://www.loc.gov/item/mal2612100/</text>
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                <text>Transcribed by the Lincoln Studies Center, Knox College. Galesburg, Illinois</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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                <text>The final battle of the CSS &lt;em&gt;Alabama&lt;/em&gt; against the USS &lt;em&gt;Kearsage&lt;/em&gt; off Cherbourg, France.&lt;em&gt; T&lt;/em&gt;he former is shown sinking, with the neutral British vessel &lt;em&gt;Deerhound &lt;/em&gt;and the&lt;em&gt; Kearsarge &lt;/em&gt;sailing nearby.</text>
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                <text>Philadelphia : Published by J. Marsh, No. 1102 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.</text>
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                <text>Pursued by Union warships after its final cruises in the Far East, the &lt;em&gt;Alabama&lt;/em&gt; is cornered in the French port of Cherbourg by the USS &lt;em&gt;Kearsarge&lt;/em&gt;. Captain Raphael Semmes moves to damaged ship into a final engagement, where it soon sinks. The &lt;em&gt;Deerhound&lt;/em&gt;, a nearby private British vessel, aids in the rescue of the crew and officers, but does not turn over the rescued, which includes Semmes, to the &lt;em&gt;Kearsarge&lt;/em&gt;, instead returning to England. Those aboard disperse, evading capture by the U.S., a series of events that adds more fuel to Northern anger over the British part in the &lt;em&gt;Alabama&lt;/em&gt;'s actions.</text>
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                <text>'On England's Muggy Shore a Surly Lion gave a Grievous Roar!'</text>
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                <text>A satirical take on British anger over the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair and the Union's Capture of Confederate Diplomats</text>
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                <text>James Fuller Queen and Henry Louis Stephens</text>
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                <text>Digitized by The Library Company of Philadelphia</text>
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                <text>Published by William A Stephens</text>
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                <text>Printed by William A. Stephens, Collected by John Allister McAllister</text>
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                <text>The news of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt;'s stopping and the arrest of its Southern diplomatic passengers, James Mason and John Slidell, by the Union provoked confusion and anger among the British. The popular views of the incident considered the actions of Union captain Charles Wilkes as violating British neutrality. Amid attempts to get a clear response from the North, including a formal apology and the release of the diplomats, the British government undertook efforts to secure vulnerable regions of its Empire from military threat, including the provinces of British North America. The movement of military resources, accompanied by the fluctuating public talk of war, intensified U.S.-U.K. relations before the Affair was resolved.</text>
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                  <text>The Civil War at Sea</text>
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                  <text>Naval Events of the War and the British Involvement</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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              <text>Washn Dec 19— 1861&lt;br /&gt;In this new trouble you have a right to any Senators best thoughts, and as I am called home by the illness of my son for a few days, I take the liberty to say that I think the correspondence with England should if possible be continued for a time in a most respectful &amp;amp; friendly tone towards that government and people, and thereby if possible postpone the ultimatum&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But when that is asked I would say that while we are of opinion that our rights as belligerents authorized the arrest, we are aware that upon the subject of belligerents upon the sea the law is not so definite and clear that equally learned and conscientious men may honestly differ in opinion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That upon such an honest difference of opinion as to these international questions in which all nations have an equal interest, it would be the greatest of possible calamities to the civilized world if two of the most powerful should be involved in a war which must be felt when an honorable and peaceful mode of arbitrament can settle the question, and propose as an ultimatum to refer the matter to the Emperors of France, &amp;amp; Russia to determine the question whether upon the law of nations we were not as belligerents justified in making that arrest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And further more that as our national policy is peace and we are more interested in the rights of neutrals than of belligerents, that we are willing to join in a mode of defining with greater certainty the rights of belligerents against neutrals upon the High Seas and in which constitutes contraband of war. — So much for England&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enclosed I send you my bill in which I propose to reach after the real estate of disloyal rebels who will not pay their taxes upon their lands.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I wish you would carefully read it I think it meets the case in all its aspects, and disposes of the people found upon rebel plantations and in fact establishes a temporary provisional territorial government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It holds out every hope to the loyal, and it reaches with an iron hand, clothed in a soft glove it is true but which is none the less powerful to grind the incorrigible and hold their estates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It reaches the hopes of the soldier, who may be fighting for a new home &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As ever yours&lt;br /&gt;J. R. Doolittle&lt;br /&gt;If I am wanted here a telegram will reach me at any time at Racine.&lt;br /&gt;I expect to return by New Years.</text>
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                <text>'Letter from James R. Doolittle to Abraham Lincoln, December 19, 1861'</text>
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                <text>A letter to the president concerning the course of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair and Senator Doolittle's thoughts on international policies.</text>
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                <text>James R. Doolittle</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress, Abraham Lincoln papers: Series 1. General Correspondence. 1833-1916, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal1347800/</text>
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                <text>Transcription by the Lincoln Studies Center, Knox College. Galesburg, Illinois</text>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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                <text>December 19, 1861</text>
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                <text>This letter from the Wisconsin Senator was written at the height of the controversy over the Trent. Though the exact parameters of the diplomatic dialogue was still unknown to the majority of the American public, its tense nature was not lost. At the tiem of Doolittle's writing, an ultimatum from the British Foreign Minister, Earl Russell, had reached the British Minister in Washington D.C., Lord Lyons. Russell's expectation of a explanation from Secretary Seward accompanied the formal British inquiry as to the U.S.'s justification for the actions of Captain Wilkes and their demands for the freedom of the arrrested Confederate diplomats. The news of the ultimatum carried by Lyons placed pressure on Seward and President Lincoln to act. The letters of Doolittle and other supporters of Lincoln, encouraging further diplomacy - Doolittle noting the importance of a re-examination of neutrality law and the rights of neutral and belligerent powers. Such legal analyses arose to accompanying other Anglo-American  controversies of the war, settled through negotiation, including the 1871 Treaty of Washington and other post-war agreements.</text>
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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Matters of the War and Diplomacy as captured by British and American Cartoonists</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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                <text>'John Bull's Neutrality - The Guardian of Civilization in Full Play'</text>
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                <text>An American Cartoonist's Perception of British 'Neutrality'</text>
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                <text>While declaring itself neutral, and remaining that way for the duration of the war, some in the North believed that sympathies for the South permeated Britain's top levels of government. This image from &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; uses the figure of John Bull in a more negative light. Setting two of Britain's prominent Confederate-leaning officials - John Russell and John Roebuck - in the form of dogs against Columbia (Union), Bull is presented as a distraction in her fight against a serpent representing the Southern rebellion.</text>
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                <text>John McLenan</text>
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                <text>Published September 13, 1862</text>
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                <text>Located in the Special Collections and College Archives, Musselman Library, Gettysburg College; Digitized online at https://library.artstor.org/#/object/SS7731291_7731291_10904008_GETTY</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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        <name>Columbia</name>
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              <name>Language</name>
              <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>English</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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        <element elementId="7">
          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="212">
              <text>Political Cartoon</text>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>'King Cotton -"Oh isn't that a Dainty Dish to set before the King"'</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>A &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; cartoon depicting Union general George McClellan presenting a representation of King Cotton.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>John McLenan</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Published by &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt;; Digitized in GettDigital: Civil War Era Collection</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Digitized through Special Collections and College Archives, Musselman Library at Gettysburg College, </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>September 21, 1861</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
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                <text>King Cotton - interpreted here as a caricature of European-style monarchs, displaying elements of the British government - recieves a dangerous gift from Union General George McClellan. The illustration mocks British reliance on southern cotton while also targeting the Southern economic reliance on the crop. The South's decision to place an embargo on cotton exports and the effects of the Union's blockade together placed the prominence of 'King Cotton' on shaky ground, susceptible to collapse. Cotton diplomacy with britain and France was unable to win necessary support for the South. Over the course of the war, and afterwards Southern cotton encountered greater competition from the colonized regions of the Middle East and Asia.</text>
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        <name>Confederacy</name>
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      <tag tagId="18">
        <name>Cotton</name>
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        <name>Harper's Weekly</name>
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        <name>Union</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="43">
        <name>United Kingdom</name>
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