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                  <text>Significant Figures in Anglo-American Diplomacy and British Observations of the Civil War</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                <text>A photo negative of Thurlow Weed  American politician and Union agent in Europe - primarily within the United Kingdom; Taken between 1855 and 1865</text>
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                <text>Thurlow Weed was one of several prominent Americans abroad in Europe during the American Civil War. Primarily operating in the area of London, Weed was effectively on an unofficial diplomatic mission. His work and connections in Great Britain enabled to keep track of public and government attitudes about the conflict back home, as well as the work of competing Confederate influencers. Operating through a network of influencers, officials and publicists, Weed regularly communicated with Seward over matters of public opinion and the actions of Parliament and the Palmerston government.</text>
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                <text>Digitized as part of the Library of Congress's Brady-Handy Photograph Collection, at https://www.loc.gov/item/2017897362/</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                <text>A portrait of John Russell, Earl, British Foreign Minister during the American Civil War</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/00650535</text>
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                <text>Browning Collection of Portraits, etc., p. 19</text>
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                <text>Maintaining different levels of power throughout his career in Parliament, including as Prime Minister, John Russell, the 1st Earl Russell, served as Foreign Minister in the Liberal government under Lord Palmerston during the late 1850s and early 1860s. This position, which he held for the duration of the American Civil War, put him into regular contact with the ambassadors of the Union and Confederate governments. Russell faced criticism both from both abroad and at home. He was a frequent target for Union frustrations over perceived Southern sympathies in British government, though he largely favored British neutrality as the status quo. Overall, his middling approach to handling controversies with the Union and the issue of British neutrality led to his unpopularity among some of his peers and the British public. Russell went on to serve as Prime Minister again following the death of Palmerston, though a brief Conservative rise to power removed him from the office.</text>
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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Matters of the War and Diplomacy as captured by British and American Cartoonists</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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                <text>'Shadows of the Times'</text>
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                <text>A depiction of the threat of European intervention in the American Civil War</text>
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                <text>Printed by Peter Kramer</text>
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                <text>Housed and digitized by The Library Company of Philadelphia, Print Department</text>
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                <text>Published by Peter Kramer and C. Muringer</text>
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                <text>1862</text>
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                <text>Collected by John Allister McAllister; Digitized by Alexander Street Press for Images of the American Civil War</text>
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                <text>All use must credit the Library Company of Philadelphia; https://www.librarycompany.org/</text>
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                <text>Part of a set of prints by Peter Kramer, these two images point to the interests of the European powers observing the conflict in America. The top image shows the figure of Queen Victoria, representing the British Empire, and the military threat posed by British participation. Relations with Britain had deteriorated over the course of late 1861 over their neutrality and recognition of the Confederacy as a belligerent. While by 1862, the immediate tension had waned, animosity towards Britain lingered in the North, flaring up over later controversies with the British before the end of the war. The lower image displays the figures of Otto von Bismarck of Prussia and Napoleon III of France, two other powers vying for superiority over the other in Europe and beyond. France in particular would exploit the situation in America, the Union being distracted by its war with the Confederacy, to enact an invasion and occupation of Mexico. Establishing a puppet regime under Maximilian I, it would collapse due to revolts by Mexican republicans in conjuction with the winding down of the Civil War to the north.</text>
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                <text>A Northern View of the Confederacy's First Diplomatic Endeavors</text>
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                <text>This scene presents the results of early attempts by the Confederate government, represented by CSA President Jefferson Davis, to attain greater European support. Depicted being addressed by Queen Victoria of Britain and Napoleon III of France, Davis's requests are met with refusal and general neutrality, a reflection of the official statements made by both nations by this point in the conflict.</text>
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                <text>Published/Printed by Erghott and Forbringer</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                <text>This photograph, taken during his time spent covering the Crimean War of the 1850s, shows the reporter seated. William Howard Russell acted as the London &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt;'s war correspondent abroad, documenting events in Crimea. An early pioneer in war reporting for press publications, Russell went on to cover the course of the American Civil War for the &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt; as well. Russell was especially prominent among the international reporters covering the conflict within the military lines of the North and South. Through his work, Russell followed armies to the battlefield, and regularly met with political leadership in the Union and Confederate governments, including President Lincoln. Particularly notable is his coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run and other early engagements, whose outcome generally favored the South. Russell's reporting of Union military performance, published in the &lt;em&gt;Times&lt;/em&gt;, influenced early British expectations for the conflict and its final outcome.</text>
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                <text>Roger Fenton</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Roger Fenton Crimean War photograph collection</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                <text>The 'American Yankee' Caricature in the Civil War Era</text>
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                <text>British iconography for American culture and society evolved over the course of the early 19th century. Among them precursors to the popular icon of Uncle Sam, these figures also included 'Brother Jonathan.' Perceived American-belligerence during the Civil War leads to a change in the character, soon termed 'Naughty Jonathan' in the British press. In this image, Jonathan is shown as throwing a tantrum over Britain's refusal to support the Northern cause, as the motherly figure of Queen Victoria, also representing Britannia, sits as if ready to scold her unruly child.</text>
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                <text>Sir John Tenniel</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt; Magazine; Reprinted on page 117 of William Walsh's &lt;em&gt;Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch, &lt;/em&gt;New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;, or the &lt;em&gt;London Charivari&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text> July 6, 1861</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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                <text>'John Bull's Neutrality'</text>
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                <text>A Depiction of Britain's Stance on the Conflict</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;'s satirical criticism of the American conflict highlights their view of British neutrality in this image, perceiving the nation as above the conflict. While certain groups within the population and government displayed sympathy for either side, the overall feeling remained ambivalent to the conflict. However, the artist includes the threat that Britain could bring to the war, noting its willingness to end it by force if threatened or heavily inconvienienced by it.</text>
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                <text>Sir John Tenniel</text>
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                <text>Reprinted on page 150 in William Walsh's &lt;em&gt;Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch&lt;/em&gt;, New York: Moffat, Yard, and Company, 1909</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;, or the &lt;em&gt;London Charivari&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>October 3rd, 1863</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Still Image, Text</text>
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                <text>'A Family Quarrel'</text>
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                <text>Providing a satirical take on the nature of the divide between North and South, theLondon-based &lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;'s take shows the traditional Yankee opposite a new female figure representing the Confederacy, each holding torn parts of the national map. In the background, signifying the role of slavery in generating the decline and crisis of secession, a black individual is seen leaving the scene</text>
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                <text>Reprinted on page 119 in William Walsh's &lt;em&gt;Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch&lt;/em&gt;, New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909</text>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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        <name>Slavery</name>
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                <text>'Over the Way'</text>
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                <text>A &lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt; cartoon satirizing English frustration with the Civil War in the context of cotton production and the new role of its colonial territory</text>
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                <text>Published in &lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;, or the &lt;em&gt;London Charivari&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>November 16, 1861</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In response to the economic instability brought about by the American Civil War, affecting production and the consumption of goods and materials, John Bull (England) looks to other markets free of less shaken by an 'inconvenient' conflict. Economic frustration stemmed from the actions of both sides, though both intervention and continued British neutrality carried economic consequences, namely in the form of impediments to food or cotton supplies. To supplement Britain's damaged markets, the Empire turned its attention to colonial production, drawing cotton from the agricultural work of the Egypt and India.</text>
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                  <text>The Civil War at Sea</text>
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                  <text>Naval Events of the War and the British Involvement</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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              <text>Lancaster Ohio Dcr 28/61&lt;br /&gt;Sir&lt;br /&gt;I write to express the opinion that a settlement of the now pending question, most favorable to Neutrals will be greatly to the advantage of the U S and acceptable to all the nations except England— The armed neutrality organized in 1780 by the Treaty of Copenhagen originated in a conviction that neutral rights were grossly violated by powerful Belligerents especially by England— Her rebel colonies profited by her persistance in the wrong, and it would be a curious coincidicence, if our rebel states should now profit by our persistence in the like wrong— If England demand the surrender of Mason &amp;amp; Slidel preliminary to any stipulation or concession on her part I would surrender them and say in our diplomatic note that we do so because we are satisfied, some precedents to the contrary notwithstanding that the law of nations did not justify the seizure; and we cannot doubt that Her Majestys Government concurs in opinion otherwise the demand would not have been made— We therefore hold it as settling the law between the two nations now and forever— Our business is not now with England but the rebellion — and England may hereafter be taught to rue any act of arrogance or injustice she may now commit—&lt;br /&gt;But I would conduct the negociation in the most civil terms &amp;amp; throw out no hints of future retribution, but preserve the amere pensé and bide our time—&lt;br /&gt;I am with consideration &amp;amp; Respect&lt;br /&gt;Yours &lt;br /&gt;T. Ewing</text>
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              <text>Letter</text>
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                <text>'Letter from Thomas Ewing to Abraham Lincoln, December 28, 1861'</text>
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                <text>A Letter Carrying the Concerns of Thomas Ewing Regarding the Course of Events in the Trent Affair</text>
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                <text>This letter to President Lincoln, possibly from then former Ohio Senator Thomas Ewing, reflects some of the concerns within the Northern public as the Trent Affair dragged on. Written only a few weeks before the captured Confederate diplomats were released to Great Britain, Ewing's opinion and suggestions on what actions to take line up with Lincoln's final attitude on the issue. In suggesting that the focus should be upon the course of the war with the rebelling Confederacy, the idea of one war or issue at a time is a central theme to Ewing's argument.</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress</text>
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                <text>Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Library of Congress</text>
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                <text>December 28, 1861</text>
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