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                  <text>The Civil War at Sea</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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              <text>London, Dec 11, '61&lt;br /&gt;My Dear Sir,&lt;br /&gt;Again, after free communication with most intelligent parties here, I assure you that war is deliberately settled upon unless you, at Home, avert it. If it does not result immediately, from the Trent affair, England will ask France to join in raising the Blockade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Their object is, to while our Ports are Blockaded to open those of the Confederate States, resuming commercial relations in British Bottoms, and thus tempting the Border and Western States. This, you see, will have a strong appeal to the Pockets of men.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I fear that our People, exasperated by the burning of the “Harry Birch,” and the insolence of the London Press, will be in no temper to consult prudent councils.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But much of the abuse of the Press here might have been prevented if our Governmt had looked to it. I am already in communication with prominent men, some connected with the Govermt and some with the Press, to have changed the whole tone of popular sentiment. But to do this able writers, here (and I already know some of them) must be paid. The Secessionists understood this — have paid what was necessary, and we are suffering the consequences. I am working as hard as I can, on my own hook, tho' distinguished People here believe, and trust me, as in some way connected with the Governmt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr Adams is very cordial, and renders me every [illegible] in his power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Englishmen put searching questions, some of which are not a little embarrassing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have excellent Friends in the Cotton consuming Cities and Towns&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The naval success helps much. The great difficulty has been that, with all our acknowleged superiority, the Enemy held us at bay. A real victory would set us up abroad. I am however, well satisfied with the last accounts from Home.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Very truly,&lt;br /&gt;T. Weed</text>
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                <text>A letter from Thurlow Weed, a Northern politician and agent in London, to Secretary of State Seward expressing his rising concerns over the possibility of war with England over the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress, Abraham Lincoln papers: Series 1. General Correspondence. 1833-1916; Digitized online at https://www.loc.gov/item/mal1336900/</text>
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                <text>This letter from the Union agent addresses some of the concerns for the potential fallout of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair in the case of further escalation. The threat of European intervention in the war, either militarily or as forceful mediators, amplified the importance of Union efforts to deter unfavorable outside participation. The 1861 Affair was the closest Britain came to entering into war with the U.S., not necessarily on the side of the Confederacy, but a boon to their chances in the Civil War all the same. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Weed notes the growing talk of war as a response to the U.S.'s actions in bringing about the controversy, a prospect which could have the meant the breaking of the Union blockade by Britain, France and other European powers. Weed notes his own efforts to influence public sentiment through publications, noting British frustrations in the press, public, and government over the Union's activities.</text>
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              <text>Rec 30 Dec London. Dec 13, '61. Dear Seward, I went to “Pembroke Lodge” to-day, having been told by Sir Samuel Roming and Mr Terrence McCullouth, M. P. that the Earl would give me an Audience at 1 o'clock. I first called to advise Mr Adams of my intention, and found that he was quite pleased that his own pupose had been anticipated. He is waiting for something from you that would render his call on Lord John necessary. Unfortunately, I had left your Letter in another coat pocket, and tho the explanation was awkward, I made it, adding that I would send it to him. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Earl soon made me full at ease, and the conversation grew more and more [unembarassed?]. I remarked that my visit was unofficial and unbinding, but grew out my great solicitude that the English Friends of America should be possessed of the causes and progress of our Civil War; but that new complications, and the sensibility it had awakened here, while without knowledge of the views of the American Government; left me so little to say that I feared my Friends had erred in asking an audience. He soon however, led me into conversation, and from time to time, touched points that enabled me to say all I had desired, and after three quarters of an hour, when Lunch was announced, I believe I got through with out “breaking any crockery.” At Lunch, with Lady and Miss Russell, the conversation became general. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I tried, repeatedly, to get the Lord to consider some mode of [negociation?], looking to Peace, after a reprisal, if should come, to give up the Rebels, but he quietly refused, each time, that, as the President had not instructed Capt. Wilkes, there could be no embarrassment, &amp;amp;c &amp;amp;c. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He referred to his conversation with Mr Mallory, as I thought to learn if I knew any thing of it, and when I told him that you read Mr M's letter to me, and it gave our Government much satisfaction, he was more free. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am sure, he does not war, but his government here is not indifferent to the circumstances that a war over the Trent issue, gives them the support of the whole Nation. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lord John remarked that he had been informed (this was in reply to my expression of confidence in the wisdom Mr Lincoln) that Gen McClellan went early to the President to advise the giving up of S. &amp;amp; M. and that Mr L. replied “that needs consideration.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He gave me the Duke of Newcastle views of his talk with you — or, as it goes, your talk at him, and had it all gone to the People to together, it would have furnished its own explanation. This was, that you disclaimed any intention to provoke war. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Truly Yours &lt;br /&gt;T Weed &lt;br /&gt;Saturday morning &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You will see that I have had my head in the Lion's mouth. Whether this act of [business?] was wise or foolish others must judge. I was moved and tempted, and I hope that it will do no mischief at Home. Here, it was needed. I am sorry I had not seen Earl Russell in London to have the benafit of his version of your talk with the D. of N.7 But another opportunity may offer. I go to Paris this Evening to consult with Messrs Dayton, Bigelow and Sanford</text>
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                <text>A letter from Thurlow Weed to the U.S. Secretary of State concerning the development of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair in Britain.</text>
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                <text>Weed's letter is written in the midst of an deteriorating diplomatic situation between the United States and the British Empire. Informing Secretary Seward of a meeting between himself and the British Foreign Minister, Earl Russell, Weed's account reflects the seriousness of the controversy over the arrest of two Confederate diplomats aboard a British vessel by the Union. In the timeframe surrounding the creation of this letter, tensions were reaching their peak, in the midst of British military precautions taken to secure their North American territories, and the delivery of a diplomatic ultimatum from Russell to Secretary of State Seward.</text>
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                <text>Transcribed by the Lincoln Studies Center, Knox College. Galesburg, Illinois</text>
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                  <text>On Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation</text>
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                  <text>The role of slavery in Anglo-American relations and Civil War diplomacy.</text>
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                  <text>The institution of slavery of the United States was a key contributer to the crisis of secession, and subsequently formed a prominent issue in diplomatic matters of the Civil War. The Union and Confederacy alike both faced difficulties in addressing the subject in interactions with outside powers, Great Britain included. Britain, a nation that had developed strong anti-slavery sentiment watched this area of the conflict wondering if its abolition in North America would be achieved.</text>
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No known restrictions on use.</text>
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                <text>In a circular sent to the ardent abolitionist, the Union and Emancipation Society's words reflect the general themes and platforms of such groups in the United Kingdom. Delivered late in the war, it conveys the growing hope of British reformers that the United States would soon undertake a significant social and political change with the end of slavery. Liberal reformers and Union sympathies often aligned during the war influencing the growth of post-war movements. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For some reformers, their interests would take inspiration from the success of Lincoln and the early stages of post-Civil War reform in the United States. Seeing the changes as catalysts for their own political and labor reforms, British society experienced new waves of calls for change through the rest of the century, largley beginning with the Reform Act of 1867, which was based upon expanding the political franchise.</text>
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                <text>Boston Public Library, Digitized online at https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:2z110c927</text>
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                  <text>Observers and Officials</text>
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                  <text>Significant Figures in Anglo-American Diplomacy and British Observations of the Civil War</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                <text>'Lord John Russell'</text>
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                <text>A portrait of John Russell, Earl, British Foreign Minister during the American Civil War</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/00650535</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Browning Collection of Portraits, etc., p. 19</text>
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                <text>Maintaining different levels of power throughout his career in Parliament, including as Prime Minister, John Russell, the 1st Earl Russell, served as Foreign Minister in the Liberal government under Lord Palmerston during the late 1850s and early 1860s. This position, which he held for the duration of the American Civil War, put him into regular contact with the ambassadors of the Union and Confederate governments. Russell faced criticism both from both abroad and at home. He was a frequent target for Union frustrations over perceived Southern sympathies in British government, though he largely favored British neutrality as the status quo. Overall, his middling approach to handling controversies with the Union and the issue of British neutrality led to his unpopularity among some of his peers and the British public. Russell went on to serve as Prime Minister again following the death of Palmerston, though a brief Conservative rise to power removed him from the office.</text>
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                <text>Photographer Unknown</text>
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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Matters of the War and Diplomacy as captured by British and American Cartoonists</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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              <text>Political Cartoon</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>'Naughty Jonathan'</text>
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                <text>The 'American Yankee' Caricature in the Civil War Era</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>British iconography for American culture and society evolved over the course of the early 19th century. Among them precursors to the popular icon of Uncle Sam, these figures also included 'Brother Jonathan.' Perceived American-belligerence during the Civil War leads to a change in the character, soon termed 'Naughty Jonathan' in the British press. In this image, Jonathan is shown as throwing a tantrum over Britain's refusal to support the Northern cause, as the motherly figure of Queen Victoria, also representing Britannia, sits as if ready to scold her unruly child.</text>
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                <text>Sir John Tenniel</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt; Magazine; Reprinted on page 117 of William Walsh's &lt;em&gt;Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch, &lt;/em&gt;New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Punch&lt;/em&gt;, or the &lt;em&gt;London Charivari&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text> July 6, 1861</text>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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                <text>Text, Still Image</text>
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        <name>Britannia</name>
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        <name>Brother Jonathan/Uncle Sam</name>
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        <name>Queen Victoria</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>The Civil War at Sea</text>
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            <element elementId="49">
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Naval Events of the War and the British Involvement</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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              <text>Printed Collector Card</text>
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                <text>'On England's Muggy Shore a Surly Lion gave a Grievous Roar!'</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>A satirical take on British anger over the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair and the Union's Capture of Confederate Diplomats</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="230">
                <text>James Fuller Queen and Henry Louis Stephens</text>
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                <text>Digitized by The Library Company of Philadelphia</text>
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                <text>In response to the economic instability brought about by the American Civil War, affecting production and the consumption of goods and materials, John Bull (England) looks to other markets free of less shaken by an 'inconvenient' conflict. Economic frustration stemmed from the actions of both sides, though both intervention and continued British neutrality carried economic consequences, namely in the form of impediments to food or cotton supplies. To supplement Britain's damaged markets, the Empire turned its attention to colonial production, drawing cotton from the agricultural work of the Egypt and India.</text>
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                <text>'Policeman Wilkes'</text>
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                <text>Northern Political Cartoon of Union Captain Charles Wilkes's Capture of Confederate Diplomats Mason &amp;amp; Slidell - The &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; 5, p. 768, November 30, 1861</text>
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                <text>The captain of the &lt;em&gt;San Jacinto&lt;/em&gt; was hailed as a hero across the Northern public, receiving praise from Congress and the Lincoln administration for his role in the capture of James Mason and John Slidell. However, with the onset of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair in the aftermath of the arrest, Wilkes's role fell under review. To placate the British amid attempts to stave off an a potential war, Secretary Seward, Lincoln, and others agreed to a disavowal of the Captain's actions. The arrested diplomats were also set free, being allowed to continue on to Europe.</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                  <text>Significant Figures in Anglo-American Diplomacy and British Observations of the Civil War</text>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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                <text>'Seward's Delegation at Trenton Falls, New York'</text>
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                <text>A gathering of diplomats led by U.S. Sec. of State of William Seward at Trenton Falls, New York</text>
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                <text>An 1863 outing of foreign ambassadors to the Union under Secretary of State William Seward, visiting New York's Trenton Falls; Secretary Seward stands at the far right, marked (1). The British Minister, Lord Lyons, sits in the middle with a white top hat, marked (4). Accompanying the photograph is a list of those present in the scene, and their represented nation. By this point in the war, Seward had taken steps to improve U.S. relations with the British, having negotiated an agreement with Lord Lyons, the Lyons-Seward Treaty addressing the slave trade, the previous year.</text>
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                <text>William J. Baker</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, https://lccn.loc.gov/2009633603</text>
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                <text>William J. Baker</text>
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        <name>William Seward</name>
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