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                  <text>On Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation</text>
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                  <text>The institution of slavery of the United States was a key contributer to the crisis of secession, and subsequently formed a prominent issue in diplomatic matters of the Civil War. The Union and Confederacy alike both faced difficulties in addressing the subject in interactions with outside powers, Great Britain included. Britain, a nation that had developed strong anti-slavery sentiment watched this area of the conflict wondering if its abolition in North America would be achieved.</text>
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                <text>'Before the Morrill Tariff'</text>
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                <text>Part of an April, 1861 take on British reactions to the passage of the Morrill Tariff by Congress the month before, printed by the U.S. publication &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>The first in a pair of images printed by &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; shortly after the start of the Civil War, focusing on British responses to the recently passed Morrill Tariff. In a move unpopular with foreign industrial producers such as Britain, the U.S. Congress voted to pass an increased tariff on the importation of goods. This cartoon addresses the controversy that emerged regarding competition between the U.K.'s anti-slavery interests and its economic connections to both the Union and to the South, the latter a key source of the cotton supply necessary to support British industry throughout the first half of the 19th century.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://johnathanseitz.com/items/show/52"&gt;'After the Morrill Tariff'&lt;/a&gt;, the second image of the pair.</text>
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                  <text>The institution of slavery of the United States was a key contributer to the crisis of secession, and subsequently formed a prominent issue in diplomatic matters of the Civil War. The Union and Confederacy alike both faced difficulties in addressing the subject in interactions with outside powers, Great Britain included. Britain, a nation that had developed strong anti-slavery sentiment watched this area of the conflict wondering if its abolition in North America would be achieved.</text>
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                <text>'After the Morrill Tariff'</text>
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                <text>Part of an April, 1861 take on British reactions to the passage of the Morrill Tariff by Congress the month before, printed by the U.S. publication &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt;.</text>
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                <text>The second of a pair of images printed by &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; concerning the British response to the Morril Tariff's passage. This illustration reflects the aftermath of the Tariff, in which the economic interests of the United Kingdom have usurped the care they had shown the enslaved in the first illustration. The lion-headed John Bull now sides with the Southern slave master, caring for his wellness while berating, demeaning and vilely cursing the slave he once protected, a complete tonal shift from the characteristics and demeanor of his prior appearance. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The transition between the two images is indicative of the northern concern that Britain's economic needs would drive up sympathy for the Southern cause in the war, overcoming their by-then traditional stance against the institution of slavery so widespread throughout the South. The fear lay in the potential that such feelings would lead to greater support for, or an intervention on behalf of, the Confederacy.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://johnathanseitz.com/items/show/51"&gt;'Before the Morrill Tariff,'&lt;/a&gt; the first image of the pair.</text>
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                  <text>The institution of slavery of the United States was a key contributer to the crisis of secession, and subsequently formed a prominent issue in diplomatic matters of the Civil War. The Union and Confederacy alike both faced difficulties in addressing the subject in interactions with outside powers, Great Britain included. Britain, a nation that had developed strong anti-slavery sentiment watched this area of the conflict wondering if its abolition in North America would be achieved.</text>
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                <text>'Domestic Life in South Carolina'</text>
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                <text>This scene displayed in the &lt;em&gt;Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt; offers a more idyllic depiction of the nature of Southern society and issues of race. While not explicitly stated, this image may provide a window into the presence of slavery in the structure of the Southern family household. The image displays characteristics common of such depictions, including the contrasting appearances of the white and black figures in the scene, adult and child alike.</text>
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                <text>Courtesy of "The Civil War in America from the &lt;em&gt;Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt;": A Joint Project by Sandra J. Still, Emily E. Katt, Collection Management, and the Beck Center of Emory University;&lt;br /&gt;Images online at http://iln.digitalscholarship.emory.edu/</text>
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                <text>From &lt;em&gt;The Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 42, no. 1204, p. 552</text>
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                <text>Published May 23, 1863</text>
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                <text>Public domain; Courtesy of "The Civil War in America from the &lt;em&gt;Illustrated London News&lt;/em&gt;": A Joint Project by Sandra J. Still, Emily E. Katt, Collection Management, and the Beck Center of Emory University</text>
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                  <text>Matters of the War and Diplomacy as captured by British and American Cartoonists</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>'Policeman Wilkes'</text>
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                <text>Northern Political Cartoon of Union Captain Charles Wilkes's Capture of Confederate Diplomats Mason &amp;amp; Slidell - The &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Artist Unknown; Possibly William Willard Howard </text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; 5, p. 768, November 30, 1861</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="184">
                <text>Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>November 30, 1861</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187">
                <text>No known restrictions on publication.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="188">
                <text>English</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The captain of the &lt;em&gt;San Jacinto&lt;/em&gt; was hailed as a hero across the Northern public, receiving praise from Congress and the Lincoln administration for his role in the capture of James Mason and John Slidell. However, with the onset of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair in the aftermath of the arrest, Wilkes's role fell under review. To placate the British amid attempts to stave off an a potential war, Secretary Seward, Lincoln, and others agreed to a disavowal of the Captain's actions. The arrested diplomats were also set free, being allowed to continue on to Europe.</text>
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        <name>James Mason</name>
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        <name>John Slidell</name>
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        <name>Trent Affair</name>
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                  <text>The Civil War at Sea</text>
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                  <text>Naval Events of the War and the British Involvement</text>
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                  <text>Despite its neutral status being declared early in the conflict, this did not prevent Great Britain's involvement in several prominent maritime controversies that shook Anglo-American relations.</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Letter</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>'Letter from Charles Francis Adams to Richard Henry Dana, Jr., 6 February 1862'</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>A letter from American Minister to Britain, Charles Francis Adams, concerning British reactions to the course of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Charles Francis Adams, Sr., American Minister to the U.K.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="376">
                <text>Richard Henry Dana, Jr.; Dana family papers</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="377">
                <text>Held and digitized in the library collections by the Massachusetts Historical Society Online Collections, http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=2218</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>February 6, 1862</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Transcribed by the Massachusetts Historical Society</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Letter</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Text</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Written after the resolution of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair controversy, this letter summarizes the American minister to Britain's perspective of the event. Noting the legal arguments surronding the case, particularly regarding the right of search. It reflects a lasting American position that the actions of Captain Wilkes in the arrest of Confederate diplomats Mason and Slidell had been legally justified, and that the British position went against precedent. Minister Adams further notes British frustration with the positions of Republican Senator Charles Sumner, notable for his increasingly radical attitude towards the role of Britain during the war.</text>
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        <name>Charles Francis Adams Sr.</name>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Observers and Officials</text>
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                  <text>Significant Figures in Anglo-American Diplomacy and British Observations of the Civil War</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Prominent British and American individuals involved in negotiations behind the scenes, as well as those directly viewing the conflict, offer a wide range of perceptions and viewpoints of the war and its underlying causes</text>
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                  <text>Johnathan Seitz</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
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                <text>'William Seward'</text>
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                <text>Photograph portrait of U.S. Secretary of State William Seward</text>
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                <text>Created/Published by E. Anthony</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress, Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, https://lccn.loc.gov/2019630448</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>Between 1860 and 1870</text>
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                <text>Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="331">
                <text>No known restrictions on publication</text>
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                <text>Secretary Seward was a driving force behind much of the North's international messaging over the course of the Civil War. Known as one of the most outspoken and active members of Lincoln's cabinet, Seward was a staunch Unionist who regularly interacted and coordinated with the president on matters of foreign relations amid the ensuing conflict. As with his British counterparts, Seward found critics on both sides of the Atlantic for his actions in the course of controversies such as the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair and the potential for conflict over the Canadian border.</text>
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                  <text>On Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation</text>
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                  <text>The role of slavery in Anglo-American relations and Civil War diplomacy.</text>
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                  <text>The institution of slavery of the United States was a key contributer to the crisis of secession, and subsequently formed a prominent issue in diplomatic matters of the Civil War. The Union and Confederacy alike both faced difficulties in addressing the subject in interactions with outside powers, Great Britain included. Britain, a nation that had developed strong anti-slavery sentiment watched this area of the conflict wondering if its abolition in North America would be achieved.</text>
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                <text>'John Bull Makes a Discovery'</text>
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                <text>An American Prediction Concerning British Slavery Sentiment</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This print, likely published in the first years of the war, conveys some of the fears Americans had concerning the sympathies and interests of Britain. Would the anti-slavery sympathies that had grown over the course of the 19th century falter in the face of its economic interests regarding the use of Southern cotton in its textile industries?</text>
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                <text>An agreement ending the non-violent territorial dispute known as the Aroostook War (1838-1839), between the U.S. and British North America, the provisions of the treaty covered issues beyond agreement on lands between U.S. state of Maine and British-held New Brunswick. It outlined specific provisions regarding criminal extradition between the two parties, as well as laying a path forward for cooperation against the slave trade in the Atlantic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the Civil War, the use of Canada by Confederate agents to plot against and attack the Union raised anger in the North. Percieved inaction by the Canadian government to address these alleged violations of neutrality, and concerns over the extradition of those involved, led to review of past Canadian-American agreements, including Webster-Ashburton and deals over military access to the Great Lakes. The provision concerning action against he slave trade would be expanded upon, facilitating stronger cooperation, in the Lyons-Seward Treaty of 1862.</text>
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                <text>U.S. National Archives, General Records of the United States Government, 1778 - 2006, Perfected Treaties, 1778 - 1945; Digitized online at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/596319</text>
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                <text>'The Queen's Neutrality Proclamation'</text>
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                <text>Official Declaration of British Neutrality in the American Civil War released by Queen Victoria</text>
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                <text>This document not only established Great Britain's stance concerning events in the brewing conflict between the North and South, but also recognized the belligerent status of the two combatants. In the aftermath of its release, the provisions of the initial statement would be further adjusted by Foreign Minister Earl Russell, expanded to affect British maritime law and belligerent access to their ports and territorial waters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The action also angered the North, as it afforded the same status to the Confederacy as the Union. The South took the gesture as a potential doorway to future recognition and support for their cause of independence.</text>
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                <text>Downing Street, London; </text>
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                <text>Library of Congress - The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana; Digitized online at https://www.loc.gov/item/scsm000229/</text>
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                <text>February 1, 1862</text>
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        <name>John Russell</name>
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        <name>Queen Victoria</name>
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        <name>Union</name>
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                  <text>The War in Cartoon Form</text>
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                  <text>Political cartoons, whether critical or satirical, exist as commentary for the major issues and events of the day - the Civil War in America included. British and American publications regularly highlighted issues of the war, including diplomatic controversy, in their accompanying illustrations.</text>
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              <text>The Great Surrender &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;America surrenders the great commissioners - England surrenders her great pretensions - Jeff. Davis surrenders his great expectations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Consideration is Ample." - Sumner&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The portraits of Earl Russell, Mason, Slidell, and Sec'y Seward, are photography&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Published by E. Anthony, 501 Broadway, New York</text>
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                <text>Northern Reaction to the End Results of the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair and the Return of the Confederate Diplomats</text>
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                <text>This print combines caricature with photography to express the artist's view of the events surrounding the &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt; Affair. Here, the figures of Confederate diplomats James Murray Mason and John Slidell stand aboard a ship travelling to England. There, British Foreign Minister Lord John Russell tears apart the Right of Search document that justified their capture by the Union in November, 1861, seized in a search of the British vessel, the RMS &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt;. U.S. Secretary of State William Seward stands across the water from him. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seward faced criticism in England following the capture, amid growing tension over possible threats to Canada and pervieved violations of British neutrality. Finally, Confederate President Jefferson Davis disappointedly stands in the far right, having had hopes that this event would have ended up bringing Britain more solidly in support of the Southern cause.</text>
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                <text>E. Anthony, New York 1862</text>
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                <text>Digitized by the Library of Congress, online at https://www.loc.gov/item/2013648221/</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="576">
                <text>Public Domain</text>
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        <name>John Slidell</name>
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        <name>Trent Affair</name>
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        <name>Union</name>
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        <name>United Kingdom</name>
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      <tag tagId="17">
        <name>William Seward</name>
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